Year 10: Let the Games Begin

Outline the main geographical processes relevant to Coastal Management.

There are several processes that affect the coast and so demand action from those who want to effective coastal management. Processes like longshore drift, erosion and corrosion will directly affect the coast and so things like seawalls, revetments and gabions are put in place to slow down that action.

Processes:
Longshore drift: waves coming in at an angle will pick up sand on a beach and deposit it further up the coast and so will eventually alter the shape of the beach.
Erosion: factors like wind and rain will 'eat' away at the rocks on the coast and wear them away.
Corrosion: Saltwater from the sea can react with certain metals in the rocks and this also will waer the rocks down.

Reactions to these processes:
Seawalls: are usually barriers made of concrete that stop erosion by firstly stopping the water even coming into contact with the rocks and parts of the beach and also serves as a wind shield.
Revtments: They are wooden slanted or upright barriers that protect by allowing waves to break and dissipate on these barriers.
Gabions: These are rocks and boulders put into a wire mesh cage. They absorb the energy from waves and because there are gaps in the rocks it spreads this energy around these gaps. 

Y10: Defense Set to Give US More Military Access

What are the US and Australian military forces agreeing to currently? What the specific implications of this agreement? The agreement will give American forces greater access to Australian military bases.

What is the name of the summit where Australia's Defense Minister and the US's Secretary of Defense will meet? The AUSMIN summit.

Which country is the US specifically reacting to? They are dealing with future threats and uncertainties, mainly the growing power of China.

What are the US planners looking to achieve with this agreement regarding troop movement? The US wants to move troops around more effectively and so broke the world down into regions. Australia is helping them with the Asia-Pacific region.

What are other key areas of discussion at the summit? They will also be discussing cyber security, progress in Afghanistan and the state of the Joint Strike Fighter project.

What does this agreement mean for Australia's future in the Regional and Global context? It means that Australia will play a bigger part in global affairs since they will be a bigger player in the Pacific region because of their new support from America in the Pacific.

Immigration Questions

• What percentage of immigrants are refugees?
• Why does such a small number of people make for such a big deal both politically and in the media? (Give your opinion) Because people haven't dealt with this kind of things before so it looks like a very big deal. Since it is a new thing for the Australian people, the media will be talking about it and the politicians will have to deal with it since so many people will now be going paranoid about boat people because of the media's reports.

• Where does Australia rank among countries accepting refugees? We rank 18th

• To what extent do we have an obligation to help other people suffering in the world? (your opinion) Australia doesn't have a huge obligation to help the other people of the world. If we feel it's necessary then aid/help should be sent but there is nothing that makes us do it. The main reason Australia helps people in this situation is because we want to not because we have to.

• How much extra support do refugees receive in comparison to other Australian citizens? None, they both receive the same.
• How many Asian nations have signed the UN Refugee Convention? 11
• Why is it important to note that Malaysia has not signed the UN Refugee Convention? What does this mean for refugees in Malaysia? Because Australia tried to make a refugee exchange deal with Malaysia. It means that the refugees in Malaysia aren't protected by the UN Refugee Convention.

Go Back to Where You Came From Reflection

What is your initial reaction to the show?
At first I was shocked at the callousness of the opinions of some of the people. They were calling the immigrants criminals and when talking about the boats that crashed on shore and killed everyone, and one of the people said that they deserved it.I think the show was very well made in showing people the truth about why these people try and come to Australia illegally by showing what their lives could be like if they had stayed in their home country.

Year 10: Trade: ASEAN members start moves to harmonize policies | BusinessWorld Online Edition

1. What is the goal of this ASEAN meeting? To improve and harmonize trade and investment policies as they pursue an integrated regional economy.
2. What is ERIA? What do they intend to do? ERIA is the Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia. They intend to review the scorecard for the 2015 ASEAN Economic Community to identify the commitments that will have the best results for integration.
3. What is AEC? What do they intend to do? The AEC is the ASEAN Economic Community. They intend to help integrate with each other in economic matters.
4. What are the three key areas of focus? Trade and transport, services, investment facilitation.
5. How often does this group plan to meet? Once a year.
6. What do they intend to keep in their "knowledge bank"? Knowledge on the tools that members can use to pursue effective reforms and also a data bank that will include all the regulatory reforms ASEAN members have made.
7. Who was the chairman of the meeting? What is his title? What is the population and GDP of his country? How does it compare to Australia? The chairman is Dato Lim Jock Hoi. He is the Brunei Ministry of Foreign Affairs permanent secretary. The population of Brunei is estimated at around 401890 and the GDP is 49241. Compared to Australia's population of  21874900 and the GDP of 38176.
8. What do you think that economic integration means? To integrate a countries economy into another and so combine economies.
9. Do you think that this is good or bad for Australia? It depends on who Australia is integrating with. It won't help if we integrate with a country that has a really bad economy.

Year 10: Military - US/Australia Alliance

1. Who is Steven Smith and what important role does he play for the Australian Government? Steven Smith is the Australian Defence Minister. His role is to regulate the armed forces in a sovereign's land.
2. What is the Brookings Institution where Mr. Smith delivered his speech? The Brookings Institution is a nonprofit public policy organisation in Washington DC. It conducts research and education in social sciences, economics, metropolitan policy, governance, foreign policy, global economy and development.
3. What role does the Australia/US Alliance play in Australia's 'strategic and security arrangements'? Australia can depend on America for support should Australia be threatened by a foreign power. With America as an ally, Australia is not a desirable place to even think of attacking because that would mean taking on America.
4. What is important about Australia's global location for this alliance? Australia is in the Asia-Pacific, the world's new centre of gravity as military, political, economic and strategic influence changes.
5. What contributions has Australia made to this alliance for the last 50 years? Australia has supported the US in many things like intelligence gathering, early-missile warnings and submarine and satellite communications.
6. What did the minister say about the Australian companies who do business with the US? There are 9000 Australian companies doing business in America. They include the largest shopping centre owner and 20 of their largest banks. They also pay $70,000 per annum to their employees there.
7. Why does the minister point out this information about this company? What does it highlight about the relationship between Australia and the US? The minister points this out to show that Australia is an ally that helps not just militarily but economically. It shows that the Australia and US relationship is more than just helping each other in fights.
8. What is the country central to Australia's relationships in the region? Australia is trying to make good relationships with China.
9. What is Australia trying to foster with this country? Australia is trying to develop strong military and defence relationships with China. They are also trying to make them come out in a harmonious environment.
10. Why do you think that this is important to Australia? Because China is the superpower in the Pacific and so it is a good idea to ally yourself with the superpowers of the world.
11. What is the US planning on locating in Australia? Where? Why? America is planning on positioning military hardware and personnel in Australia. They are doing this so that they can be positioned to respond faster to humanitarian aid and disaster relief and to other situations in the region.
12. What implications does this have on the coordination between Australian and American forces? It means that Australian and American forces will be working closer together and in tandem to each other.

Year 10: Immigration

1. What is an asylum seeker? A person who has applied for asylum from a country that he or she is not a citizen of because they have something that is a threat to their lives from the country they came from whether it be political, military, religious or because of their nationality. They hope to gain refugee status.
2. What reasons would they leave their country and come to Australia? Their country may have a corrupt government, very poor living conditions, very aggressive and dangerous groups like militias and terrorist organisations threatening them. They want to come to Australia because we have a stable government, good living conditions and they have an oppurtunity at a good and safe life here.
3. What reasons will allow them to be approved for asylum? If their life/freedom is under threat from where they came from and if their human rights are under threat as well.
4. From what countries are most asylum seekers coming? Afghanistan, Sudan, Somalia, Middle East, South -east Asia.

1. What is the deal between Australia and Malaysia? (What are the numbers of people being 'swapped'?) Australia and Malaysia have signed an asylum seeker swap deal. Australia will send 800 asylum seekers to Malaysia in return for 4000 genuine refugees whose cases have been verified by the UN Refugee Agency.
2. What rights will they have in Malaysia which will allow them to support themselves? They will be treated with respect and dignity and have human right protected. They will have medical assistance provided and community education made available. They  will have the chance to work.
3. How does Malaysia normally treat illegal immigrants? They round them up and throw them into detention centres. Some harsh punishments associate with them is that they cane them them as well.
4. Are children being sent to Malaysia? Yes, but they will have access to education and medical assistance.
5. What is going to happen to the processing of the 500+ people currently in Australia who have arrived from the 7th of May? They will have their claims processed in Australia.
6. What do refugee advocates worry about for the 800 asylum seekers? They worry that the government can't guarantee the human rights safeguards for the asylum seekers and that the asylum seekers may come to harm. For example the asylum seekers may be caned. They also bought up the occasion when an Australian citizen with their passport was taken to a detention centre saying that if the government can;t protect one of their own citizens, how can they protect the asylum seekers?
7. What is the goal of this 'swap' program? To stop the boats that are bringing in the illegal immigrants. To decrease the number of deaths that occur when these smuggling ships crash or ans accident happens.
8. Do you think that it will work? Why/why not? I think it will work because people will still get an oppurtunity at a new life in a more stable country but they won't be coming to Australia anymore because they know they'll just be sent to Malaysia.

Year 10: Monday 25/7 Period 4

1. What title does Kevin Rudd have in the Australian Government? Explain what this role entails. Kevin Rudd is the Australian Foreign Minister. This means that he deals with affairs between Australia and other countries.
2. What is Kevin Rudd's concern? Kevin Rudd is concerned about North Korea's enriched uranium weapons prgram and the tthreat it poses to Australia. North Korea has been working on the Taepodong-2 long range missiles which could be used to hit Northern Australia.
3. What forum was he at to express his concerns? He was at the ASEAN regional forum.
4. What actions have North Korea performed recently which have Rudd alarmed and the region lacking stability? They torpedoed a South Korean naval frigate, shelled civilians’ homes across the border  and defied two UN Security Council resolutions by pursuing an enriched uranium weapons program.
5. What is a 'direct threat' to Australia according to Rudd? A direct threat is the new nuclear capabilities that North Korea and how they can use those capabilities against Australia.
6. What do you think that Rudd is trying to accomplish diplomatically by calling out his North Korean counterpart publicly? How does this relate to Australia's relationship and role in the region? Kevin Rudd is trying to stop the North Koreans with their nuclear weapons developments and make everyone well aware of what they are doing. Australia is trying to force North Korea out into the open about their nucler weapons program. The relationship that Australia has had with North Korea has always been one of Australia restricting North Korea's nuclear program and trying to get them to talk with South Korea. It further reinforces Australia's role as a power in the Pacific.
7. How does this relate to Australia's relationship to major allies? It improves Australia's relationships because Australia is working in the better interests of allies like the US to make sure that North Korea doesn't get a fully running nuclear program.

Australian Aid

• In the past five years, Australia's foreign aid budget has doubled.
• Last year, Kevin Rudd announced a review of Australia's overseas aid program by a number of experts.
• Some aid programs like the Indonesian floods are obvious examples of aid but this particular situation only accounts for 7% of the budget.
• The vast bulk of aid is aimed at overcoming long-term poverty.
• Poverty is decreasing. In 1981, 54 per cent of the world's people lived in extreme poverty. By 2005 only 29% of people lived in extreme poverty.
• Aid is not actually helping these people, it is their economic growth as these 'developing countries' begin to catch up to the 'developed world'.
• An example of Australia's attempts at Aid are the Torres Strait where, for nearly 40 years, Australia has been sending aid there but it is no better off.
• Aid programs build schools and other important facilities but the developing countries already know that they have to construct these facilities.

• Australians like to see Indonesia as a poor nation that needs help but Indonesia's GDP is a lot higher than Australia's.

I think the author is trying to present the idea that countries like Australia have been sending aid to these developing countries for so long that they can't see that they don't really need our help. The author has shown that projects that have gone for decades have done very little and that when the developing countries are allowed to develop they begin to do very well for themselves.

Australia is giving more aid because they want to impress certain countries. The aid project in Africa and the Caribbean is all for Australia's UN Security Council bid and the big program in Afghanistan is aimed at impressing Washington. Impressing and securing these things that are of interest and importance to the government is a benefit to giving aid but the negatives are that this is a lot of money that the Australian government could be spending on internal affairs and is money that they won't be getting back because the developing countries wouldn't be able to pay it back.

1. What is it about the pressure system stalled over Australia that relates to the weather over the next 4 days? The high pressure systems circulating around Australia are the reason that it is mildly cool weather and that it will be cloudy at most and  that there will be no rain.
2. What is the air pressure in each of the next 4 days for each of the capital cities? How does this correspond with the predicted weather for these cities? They support the weather predictions in that they are all low pressure and so will give off a cold front which explains the low temperatures and lack of rain.

 

	Thursday	Friday	Saturday	Sunday
Sydney	1016	1012	1016	1017
Melbourne	1030	1027	1019	1022
Canberra	1024	1020	1020	1020
Adelaide	1028	1019	1026	1024
Perth	1018	1024	1022	1016
Darwin	1014	1014	1018	1012
Brisbane	1016	1015	1017	1017

All of these readings suggest mild weather because all of these reading are of high pressure systems.

1. What is the contour interval (sometimes abbreviated CI)? Convert to metric. The contour interval is 6.096m
2. What is the scale of the map? Convert it into the metric system. 2cm's equal one mile or 1.6km's
3. What is the gradient of the line? Calculate in metric system. rise = 36m run = 3200m
gradient = 0.01125

Year 10: Monday 29/4 Work

What is the distance and local relief between the centre of the pine plantation and the factory? The distance is roughly 5kms and the local relief is about 150m

Give the Grid Reference for the Coal Mines as well as the local relief and distance between them. They are at GR830471 and GR895475. The local relief is 200m and the distance is 3.5km

Give the Grid Reference for the intersection of the walking track and sealed road.GR845440

pg 24 Source I

What is the air pressure at Sydney and Perth? 1018

What is the wind speed  and direction at Rockhampton? the wind speed is 1-4km from the east

What is the Latitude and Longitude at Melbourne? 36 degrees south and 144 degrees east

What is the Latitude and Longitude where it is raining? 16 degrees south and 128 degrees east

What is located in the SW just off the map?

Year 10 Monday 28/3: 9.2 Population Growth in Sydney

Sydney's population has been continuously growing. Sydney began in 1788 as a small convict settlement of around 950 people including convicts and their marine guards. Since then it has grown to a city with a population of 3.9 million people (according to the 2004 census). With the birth rate higher than the death rate, Australia's population will keep on rising. It is predicted that over the next 30 years the population will rise by 40 600 people and to house them the government will need to build an extra 640 000 houses. An additional 500 000 jobs will be necessary for these people and 7500 hectares will be used as new industrial land. This will all take up about 6.8 million square metres and another 3.7 million square metres will be used as additional retail space. This is very serious because the rising population will put serious strain on the housing industry, to house these people will cause a huge amount of construction outwards. This will cause some extreme urban sprawl as urban consolidation won't be able to deal with the rising population. Sydney will be affected in that it can't expand eastward because of the ocean. Sydney can only expand westward and this will cause massive urban sprawl and Sydney's resources will be stretched to the limit.

Urban Sprawl and Consolidation

Urban Sprawl: An example of urban sprawl is The Sydney Greater Metropolitan Area (G.M.R). Above is a picture of Western Sydney's housing centre. It is urban sprawl because of the increased dependency on motor vehicles, inefficient road systems and there is no space efficiency, it is all low density housing.

Urban Consolidation: an example of urban consolidation is in the Upper North Shore where companies like Meriton Apartments Grocon and construct apartment buildings and use the space they have more efficiently. It is urban consolidation because they are developing in an already urbanized area and so are using the available space much more efficiently. There is no need for construction for new buildings.

In the example of urban sprawl the following groups were involved: The NSW government, Housing NSW and housing companies like City West Housing.

They are all involved in some way. The NSW government in a way will authorise those groups. Housing NSW are the providers of housing in NSW and so are responsible for the construction of areas that lead to urban sprawl. Companies like City West Housing are groups that build low density houses that also cause urban sprawl.

Organisations like Meriton have responded to the urban sprawl in Sydney by trying to counter it with urban consolidation developments. One example of their response are the Ironbark apartments in Pymble. Another example is Gocon's completed apartment buildings like the Aquarelle Apartments or the Emporio Apartments.

I think that the Ironbark apartment project in Pymble has been very effective. The building is environmentally responsible but still maintains a good standard of design. This means that it is not causing urban sprawl and because of its looks people will want to move into one of those apartment blocks thus encouraging more construction of apartment blocks.

Year 10: Urban Sprawl or Consolidation: Jordan Springs

1. Is this an example of urban consolidation or urban sprawl? Why? It is urban sprawl because it is turning a huge amount of land that used to have nothing on it to a huge amount of land with a lot of buildings on them. They are low density homes and the main kind of transport there will be buses and cars.A lot of environment will be destroyed to make way for all the homes to be built and even for their man-made lakes. They are destroying the old ecosystem and replacing it with their own.
2. Do you think that this development is positive or negative for the surrounding community? For Sydney? For Australia? For the local area of Penrith it could be good because of gentrification but for Sydney and Australia as a whole it is bad. It means Sydney's resources have to be stretched instead of being concentrated in a smaller area.

Page 212-213 Q's 1-12

1. Urban sprawl is when a city decides to expand outwards to deal with a rising population.
2. Urban consolidation is the solution to urban sprawl. It involves building residential areas with apartment buildings. This eliminates the need to construct whole suburbs.
3. A highly urbanised country means that most of the population lives in urban areas.
4. a) The UN believes that 92% of Australia's population lives in urban areas b) in 2006, the urban areas accounted for 65% of Australia's population c) The availability of land and coastal areas are encouraging people to move to the cities.
5. The Cities are on the coast because if you go further inland it gets harder to live there. On the coast you have a favorable climate and flat land which makes it a lot easier to live there.
6. Population density refers to how many people live in a square kilometre. It is related to urban sprawl because urban sprawl is how cities deal with high population densities.
7. Australian cities have much lower population densities compared to other cities.
8. With urban consolidation you use a lot less money because you don't have to build new roads hospitals etc. It costs the government a lot less money and doesn't strain the infrastructure as there is nothing new to take care of.
9. They have started building more apartment buildings in areas to make sure that urban sprawl doesn't happen. It means that more people can live in the one area and not have any problems.
10. A)Sydney B)By how many people live in a square kilometre C)From highest to lowest is Sydney, Melbourne, Adelaide, Perth, Canberra and Brisbane D)8/10 of Australia's largest cities have population densities over 1000 people per square kilometre.
11. With those apartment buildings there it will ruin the view, it will completely block out the sun at parts of the day. With those new apartments going up it will turn the community from everyone knowing each other because of the smaller number of people to having a bunch of strangers living around you. Although with those new people the local businesses will do much better with more customers.
12. Advantages: You have your own private space and it is not easy to be disturbed while inside whereas in an apartment building you can hear through the floors. You have a lot more space and can also have a backyard instead of being stuck up in a building. If you wanted to renovate or improve something in your home it is possible to do that. You can have things like tennis courts or pools in your backyard.
Disadvantages: Anything you have like a pool is something you have to maintain and that coast money. They are a lot more expensive and usually give people mortgages.

Year 10: Urban Renew and Decay

Aesthetics: Defined as "The branch of philosophy dealing with beauty and taste". It refers to how something looks.For example the aesthetics of a building. In commercial and residential construction the aesthetics of a building are very important. In commercial construction if the building is well equipped and looks really nice then people will be more comfortable and relaxed in the building, if it is really ugly and not very well equipped then people will be uncomfortable and not relaxed and constantly thinking about how ugly their building is. In residential construction no one wants to buy an ugly house so if the aesthetics of a house don't meet peoples standards then they wont sell.

Safety: the state of being certain that adverse effects will not be caused by some agent under defined conditions. This includes physical, social, spiritual, financial, political, emotional, occupational and psychological effects. An example of safety are the OH&S regulations. These regulation were put in place to stop people from coming to harm. An example of this regulation is not being allowed to raid on cadet camp because of the risk of bodily harm to people at the camp. OH&S mainly tries to protect from physical harm.

Slums: a district of a city marked by poverty and inferior living conditions. An example of a slum is Dzerzshink in Russia. In Dzerzhinsk, the average life of men is just 42 years and women 47 years. Environmentalists attribute such high mortality rate to the ceaseless production of organic chemicals like toxic dioxins, hydrogen cyanide, lead and sulfur mustard. The phenol and dioxin contents in the Dzerzhinsk waters surpasses the normal limit by seventeen million times.

Decay: the process of gradually becoming inferior. Buildings in third world countries and slums are always decaying. Go there and you will find buildings that are in very bad repair and are falling apart.

Reconstruction and Renewal: Turning a previously inhospitable or just a really bad area into a hospitable area. A slum being cleaned up and having better living conditions is the best example for this.

Transport: move something or somebody around; usually over long distance. Transport includes public transport in cities like buses, train and ferries or private transport like the family car.

Suburbanization: The process of suburbanizing, of population movement from cities to suburbs. Suburbanization is what causes urban sprawl. As people move to the fringes of the cities the suburbs can no longer support the number of people they have and so they have to expand.

Environmental Factors: Factors of the environment that can affect our development.This includes factors like climate, pollutants and living conditions. It doesn't just refer to the environment/nature but the environment we live in; our surroundings. So that will then include the factor of living conditions. An example is that during the night most people would rather go to a place like Chatswood, Macquarie or Hornsby. At night you wouldn't want to go to a place like King's Cross because the night time environment is dangerous.

Light and Sound: Light and sound are technically environmental factors since they are a part of our surroundings and they can affect the way that we live. For example if you lived right next to a highway it would be different if you lived a lot further away from one. The light and sound caused by traffic from the highway would change the way the two different people lived. Closer to the highway you might not be able to sleep because of the noise and that would affect how you went about your day. Further away from the highway you're not bothered by it and so you have no problems caused by it

7.8 Dune revegetation at Stuarts Point

1. Name and locate the coastal dune management area discussed n this unit. Stuarts Point is located on the mid-north coast of N.S.W.
2.Using the material  in the unit, construct a timeline that highlights the changes in the Stuarts Point sand dune ecosystem

3. Describe the role of the local community in managing the sand dune area. The community first approached the Soil Conservation Service of New South Wales for help in maintaining the sand dunes. They were provided with plant seedlings but this attempt failed when cattle grazing ruined everything.
4. Why is the sand dune area important to the people of Stuarts Point? It is important because it provides a sand dune barrier between the sea and the Macleay River
5. Using 7.35 describe the natural vegetation succession on the sand dunes On the very front of the dunes you have grasses there to stabilise the dry sands. As you move further up the dunes the plants start to get bigger and bigger until they become long-lived trees.
6. Explain why the vegetation is so important in stabilising sand dunes The roots from the vegetation will hold the sand together and give the dunes more stability.
7. What impact did cattle grazing have on the sand dune area? The cattle grazing destroyed the original sand drift control measures. They killed the plant seedlings that had been planted earlier.
8. Describe the changes to the sand dune area that would have occurred after cattle grazing. Identify the geographical processes that would have been altered as a result of the removal of vegetation from the dunes After the cattle grazing the sand dunes would have lost the stability they had managed to build up and the sand dune barrier became very fragile. As a result the dune barrier was breached on three separate occasion by heavy seas.
9. Identify the groups involved in the rehabilitation program Department of Lands, Department of Public Works, Macleay Shire Council and the Soil Conservation Service of New South Wales
10. Outline the stages involved in the management program undertaken to re-establish the coastal vegetation Firstly a tractor was used to form a small foredune approx. 1.8m high. Secondly a dune forming fence was constructed on top of that to help trap wind-blown sand. Lastly the foredune was stabilised with coastal spinifex and marram grass.
12. Use these maps to explain the geographical processes that would have caused the river mouth to silt up in 1900 Longshore dirft would have carried sand up to the northern river mouth and caused it to silt up.
13. Evaluate the success of the revegetation program in the following areas: a) stabilising the sand dunes It was very successful with the sand dunes having now more than adequate stability b) protecting the Macleay River ecosystem With the sand dunes much stronger now the Macleay River is now safe. c) benifiting groups from the local community Local groups now don't have to worry about the sea breaking through into the river
14. A community is concerned about an unstable sand  dune area that is being blown by the wind in the direction of their town. As you have studied the stabilisation of the sand dunes at Stuart's Point, you have been approached to prepare a multimedia presentation on the topic.
Vegetation stabilises sand dunes by covering them from the wind and stopping all the sand being blown away.
The vegetation succession works like this. On the front dunes you have grasses there to protect them from the wind. Further back you start finding shrubs and short-lived trees or "secondary species" . Finally at the very back of the dunes you find long-lived trees that live in the protection of the dunes and secondary species. 

Year 10 Monday 28/2: Summarising the TRESB Project

1. The problem which lead to the TRESB Project. The problem occured when the breakwater was continuously extended to try and stop the Tweed River entrance from silting up. The breakwater however trapped sand that would usually move south and so it caused the river mouth to silt up.
2. The solution to the problem. The solution was a sand pumping station that pumped the sand through conduits to the beaches nearby.
3. The result of the project. What areas were effected and how? Do you think that it was a success? The result was that the Tweed River no longer silted up and the local beaches got the sand they needed for beach nourishment. I think it was a great success.

Year 10: Coastal Management - The Tweed River Entrance Sand Bypassing Project

1.Why did it become necessary to extend the Tweed River breakwaters? It became necessary to extend the breakwaters because over time sand would build up on the south side of the breakwaters and then silt up the river mouth.
2.What impact would the construction of the breakwaters have had on the replenishment of sand to the Gold Coast beaches after severe storm erosion? The breakwaters would have stopped sand moving to the Gold Coast beaches and so the storm erosion would not be repaired naturally. Instead it has to be dredged and then trucked all the way to those beaches, this costs a lot more than just letting the sand sand get to those beaches through long shore drift.
3.Why did the Tweed River become unsafe to shipping? Explain the natural process that caused sandbars to form over the mouth of the Tweed River The Tweed River became unsafe for shipping because sand kept accumulating at the river mouth. Longshore drift was taking sand up the coast but then it would be stopped at the breakwater and so the sand would just accumulate at that spot. This caused sandbars to form at the river mouth.
4.Why was the dredging of the Tweed River and the associated beach nourishment program only a short term solution to coastal management of the area It was only a short term solution because it was expensive and would need to occur continually and very regularly to make sure the beaches had a sand supply and boats had a safe entrance into the river.
5. Describe the way the TRESBP replaces the natural process of longshore drift The TRESBP pumps the sand from where it has accumulated and sends it to the beaches on the Gold Coast. This replicates longshore drift in that it moves the sand up the coast.
6. Write a paragraph that explains your opinion of the TRESBP. Why do you think the project is regarded as one of the most successful coastal management scheme in Australia? I think the TRESBP is very well done and is doing a great job at making sure the Tweed River doesn't silt up and that the Gold Coast beaches have sand to replenish the beaches. I think that it is one of the most successful because it is doing everything it is supposed to be doing and nothing has gone majorly wrong with the system they have employed.

7. Draw an annotated map to explain the operation of the TRESBP

8. Look at the aerial photographs in 7.28. Describe the changes that have occurred to the mouth of the Tweed River since 1962. The distance the water travels up the beach has stayed the same but the distance up the beach on the right hand side has retreated significantly. 
9. Using the topographic map in 7.25 on on page 164, estimate the length of the breakwater along the Tweed River entrance in 1962 and in 1994. 100m

Maverick Waves in Cactus Beach, South Australia

 

Cactus Beach found far south in South Australia is very isolated and known only to surfers, because of this there aren't many surfers there during the week or week-end. The swells start working from 3ft to 5ft and can carry to 16+ft heights. At this beach however there are dangers from White Pointer Sharks, urchins and rocks. These waves are pretty fast and this partly caused because of the sea floor which is a reef (coral, sharp rocks etc) with sand. With the sea floor being that random and erratic in the different levels due to the coral and rocks the energy from a wave woill be forced up depending on these heights and the waves are rather erratic.

Year 10 Monday 21/2: The Science of Big Waves

Pre-viewing:

1. Where do ocean waves come from? What gets them started? Ocean waves come from storms out at sea that have strong winds that cause swells which then cause the waves.
2. What do you think a surfer should know about waves before they try and ride a wave while surfing? They should know what kind of wave they are facing. They should try and learn this kind of stuff so that they are better prepared for when they try and surf these waves.

Question for the Video:

1. Observe all the waves that you see and describe how they form and break. Use as many words found in the segment for your descriptions. Maverick waves form out around the Gulf of Alaska due to storms out there that have very strong winds. These waves will only form correctly when the low and high pressure zones are in the right position and sent the waves the correct direction to the surfing location.
2. Describe how waves are formed, how they originate, and how they are measured? They are formed when storms out at sea cause these waves to start when energy from things like wind, transfer energy into wave movement. They are measured through the wavelength (distance between high points of different waves), period (the time between the crest between each wave), and wave height (the height of the wave measured from the distance between the elevations of a crest and a neighboring trough).
3. What is a maverick wave and what is special about the way it is formed? A maverick wave is a wave at the surfing location in Northern California. They only happen when the conditions are right and they originate in The Wave Factory around the Gulf of Alaska. As the waves come to shore they can be refracted by rocks and all their energy is concentrated into one spot.
4. How is energy stored and transferred during wave? The energy just keeps on going until it hits something but as the sea floor starts to rise that energy is forced up and forces the wave to become taller. The energy is transferred by spinning its way to whatever it will hit.
5. List any kind of advice given by the surfers about how to survive these “big waves.” Respect the wave. If you decide to catch a wave you should go in and catch it before it starts to crash and stay ahead of the part of the wave that is crashing.

7.5 Coastal Management on the Gold Coast

---

7 Express the scale of the map as a statement: One centimetre on the map represents kilometres on the ground. one centimetre on the map represents 250m on the ground.

8 What is the contour interval of the map? 10m

9 Calculate the following:

a the width of the mouth of the Tweed River 250m

b the length of the breakwater on the southern side of the Tweed River 2.25km

c the length of the jetty extending into the ocean from the sand pumping station in AR 5483 50m

d the distance along the beach from the lookout at Greenmount Hill to the Rainbow Bay surf club 500m

e the time it would take you to walk along the beach from the Rainbow Bay surf club to the Coolangatta Beach surf club if you were walking at a speed of 5 kilometres per hour. 15 minutes

10 Which is higher, the lighthouse at Point Danger or the lookout on Kirra Hill? the lighthouse

11 What is the aspect of the slope where the electricity substation is located in AR 5283? Westerly aspect

12 What is the approximate height of the small electricity substation in AR 5283? Roughly 20m

13 Name the human features located at the following grid references:

a 532824 secondary paved road

b 536823 Bridge

c 541844 Lighthouse

d 513834 Border Park Raceway

e 528819 Caravan Park

f 532828 Jetties

14 Name the natural features located at the following grid references:

a 524818 Boyd's Island

b 537822 Terranora Inlet

c 514844 Beach

d 521833 Mount Murraba

e 544817 Sandy Island

f 544839 Mouth of Tweed River;.

15 Refer to 7.24 and the topographic map. Give the grid reference of the lookout that the photographer was standing at when the photograph was taken. 522842

16 What is the density of buildings in AR 5483? low density

17 Which area has the greatest density of buildings per square kilometre—AR 5281 or 5282? Give a reason for your answer. 5282 has a much higher density. Where 5281 only covers half the grid square, 5281 covers a lot more of the grid square and has a the same density of buildings as 5281 did. So with the same density but covering am much larger area 5282 is a the more dense area.

18 Estimate the bearing of the following features from the water tank on the top of Mount Murraba:

a the groyne at Kirra Point North30degreesWest

b the mouth of the Tweed River North60degrees East

c Boyds Island South15degreesEast

d Snapper Rocks * North45degreesEast

Year 10: 7.3 Geographical Processes Shaping the Coastal Environment

1. 7.7 Waves are refracted an energy is concentrated around headlands and more dispersed along beacjes located in bays.

2. 

Tombolo

Coastal Lagoon

Sea cave

Headland and Sea stacks

Blowhole

Sand Spit

Sand Dunes

Offshore Sand Bar

Natural Bridge

3.

4.